A study separating measurement variation into repeatability and reproducibility.
Repeatability is variation when one operator measures the same part twice; reproducibility is variation between operators. Together they estimate how much of the observed spread is measurement noise rather than real part variation.
The rule of thumb is that measurement variation should be under 10% of the tolerance to be acceptable and under 30% to be marginal. Above that, the gauge is not capable of judging the part, regardless of how precise it appears.
Using a gauge without knowing its R&R. A gauge that consumes half the tolerance makes conforming parts look out of specification.
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